Translation and the Rise of Christianity
翻譯在基督教的興起中發揮了至關重要的作用。沒有翻譯,就沒有文化的融合,就沒有《聖經》,就沒有深刻影響了西方文明的基督教本身。本報告將探討基督教興起的歷史背景,基督教經典產生過程中從希伯來語書面語到希臘語的筆頭翻譯,從阿拉米語口頭語到希臘語的口頭翻譯;一些希伯來語和阿拉米語詞匯乃至句子之音譯為希臘語;以及翻譯過程中不可避免的價值理念的衝突和融通。
翻譯在基督教的興起中發揮了至關重要的作用。沒有翻譯,就沒有文化的融合,就沒有《聖經》,就沒有深刻影響了西方文明的基督教本身。本報告將探討基督教興起的歷史背景,基督教經典產生過程中從希伯來語書面語到希臘語的筆頭翻譯,從阿拉米語口頭語到希臘語的口頭翻譯;一些希伯來語和阿拉米語詞匯乃至句子之音譯為希臘語;以及翻譯過程中不可避免的價值理念的衝突和融通。
The evolution of a literary translator from rudimentary beginnings and intra-lingual practice to a more sophisticated inter-lingual one. Also, specific problems encountered, and insights gained, during the course of translating particular works of Chinese poetry. A First Principle of literary translation: The translated poem must be a good poem in the target language or it isn't translation.
During a major part of the twentieth century, to the Western world and the world at large, the most well-known Chinese writer/intellectual was Lin Yutang. It is now generally believed that Lin Yutang's greatest contribution lies in his introduction and translation of Chinese culture to the world.
當今翻譯研究的多元化格局,在研究路徑上表現為本體的、跨學科的(inter-disciplinary),以及超越學科的(trans-disciplinary)取向。本文試圖提出一種較新的理論模式:翻譯社會學。
首先根據翻譯實踐的實際,提出了一個可以作為分析依據的翻譯語境框架。其次,提出翻譯研究的等級或層次。最後,從意識形態與話語的角度考察翻譯這一社會實踐,以及三者之間的內在關係。
文化的內需機制時常促使著自身不斷地與外界發生交往,翻譯又常能在異質文化交互中搭建起聯通的橋樑。鑒於關鍵詞是核心文化觀念的集中載體,同時也是洞悉文化體系的方便視窗,本篇試將在跨文化交際的視角下,以「文學」以及與之緊密相聯的幾個關鍵詞為切入點,考察自明末清初以來到新文學運動時期,部分西方核心文化觀念在東西文化接觸和碰撞的過程中,如何經歷了眾譯家的「集體」處理,進而彙入到主體文化體系,並在近現代漢語思想界和文學界散發出巨大的文化威攝力量。
The translation of Christian tracts was given high priority by Protestant missionaries for the conversion of Chinese people in the nineteenth century. In the process of cross-cultural translation, missionaries had to work within the constraints of their own linguistic competence, the specific needs of Chinese audience, and the stipulated agendas of religious institutions.
Reading Gao Xingjian's entire repertoire of writings prompts one to reflect on the relationship between literary production and its context. His works show both advantage and crisis of cross-cultural writing. In the early 1980s he advocated a Modernist style of writing in contemporary China.
Since the enactment of the first Hong Kong bilingual ordinance in 1989, tremendous effort and resources have been put to translating English legal documents into Chinese. Long before the implementation of bilingual legislation, the provision of interpreting services has been an entrenched practice in the courtrooms of Hong Kong.